Young adult literature is more than just a genre; it's a universe of stories that shape perspectives, build empathy, and capture the exhilarating, confusing, and profound experience of growing up. From dystopian battlegrounds to the quiet corridors of high school, these narratives offer both a mirror for self-reflection and a window into worlds unknown. For young readers, these books are companions on the journey to adulthood, offering validation and understanding during a pivotal time of change.
But with countless titles released each year, which ones truly stand the test of time? Navigating this vast collection can be overwhelming. That's why we've curated a definitive list of the best books for young adults of all time. These are landmark novels that have defined generations and continue to resonate deeply with readers today through their powerful themes and unforgettable characters. Each entry explores complex issues like identity, justice, love, and loss with honesty and grace.
Whether you're a teen searching for your next great read, an educator building a dynamic curriculum, or a parent seeking a meaningful gift, this guide is your resource. We will navigate you through the stories that matter most, providing a clear look at what makes each selection a timeless classic. This collection isn't just about good stories; it’s about the essential books that have shaped and continue to influence the landscape of young adult fiction. Get ready to discover tales that will stay with you long after the final page is turned.
1. The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas
Angie Thomas's debut novel, The Hate U Give, is a seismic force in contemporary young adult literature, earning its place as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The story centers on 16-year-old Starr Carter, who lives a double life, code-switching between her predominantly Black, low-income neighborhood and her affluent, mostly white private high school. This fragile balance shatters when she becomes the sole witness to the fatal police shooting of her unarmed childhood best friend, Khalil.
Forced into the national spotlight, Starr must decide whether to remain silent or speak her truth, knowing her words could endanger her family and community. The novel masterfully tackles systemic racism, police brutality, and the complexities of identity with unflinching honesty and profound empathy. Its power lies in its ability to make vast, societal issues deeply personal through Starr's authentic and compelling voice.
Why It Resonates
The Hate U Give became a cultural phenomenon, amplified by the Black Lives Matter movement and championed by figures like Oprah Winfrey. It provides a crucial lens through which young readers can understand and discuss pressing social justice issues. Its success has led to its inclusion in high school and university curricula, where it facilitates vital conversations about civil rights and activism. The critical importance of such narratives is explored in discussions about representation in children's books, highlighting how authentic stories shape understanding.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To fully appreciate the novel's depth, consider these actionable steps:
- Contextual Reading: Research the civil rights movements and recent cases of police brutality that inform the story's backdrop.
- Facilitate Discussion: Join or start a book club to discuss the challenging themes with peers. This creates a safe space to process complex emotions and perspectives.
- Explore Further: Read Angie Thomas's other works, such as On the Come Up and Concrete Rose, which are set in the same universe and expand on its themes.
2. The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
Suzanne Collins's dystopian masterpiece, The Hunger Games, ignited a global phenomenon and redefined the landscape of young adult fiction, solidifying its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The story introduces 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who resides in the impoverished District 12 of the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem. When her younger sister is chosen for the annual Hunger Games, a televised fight to the death, Katniss volunteers to take her place, setting in motion a rebellion that will challenge the very foundation of their oppressive society.
Through Katniss's harrowing journey, the series masterfully explores themes of survival, government oppression, media manipulation, and the devastating human cost of war. The novel's brilliance lies in its relentless pacing and its complex heroine, whose fight for survival evolves into a reluctant symbol of hope. It presents a grim yet compelling look at power, sacrifice, and the moral compromises made in the face of tyranny.
Why It Resonates
The Hunger Games became a cultural touchstone, resonating far beyond its target audience. It is widely taught in middle and high school English classes and even used in political science courses to discuss totalitarianism and propaganda. Book clubs and academic circles have extensively analyzed its sharp commentary on reality TV culture and societal voyeurism. Its enduring popularity is evident as libraries worldwide consistently report it as one of the most-borrowed YA series, proving its power to captivate new generations of readers.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To deepen your understanding of the novel's complex world, consider these actionable steps:
- Read the Entire Series: The full impact of Katniss's character arc and the political commentary is best understood by reading the complete trilogy.
- Analyze Historical Parallels: Research historical examples of totalitarian regimes and propaganda to see how they connect to Panem's structure and the Capitol's control.
- Discuss Media's Role: Reflect on how the novel portrays media manipulation and consider its parallels to modern media and the concept of "infotainment."
- Explore Moral Ambiguity: Discuss the difficult choices characters make. The story challenges a simple good versus evil narrative, inviting readers to consider complex moral dilemmas.
3. The Fault in Our Stars by John Green
John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars is an iconic entry in young adult fiction, a novel that profoundly reshaped contemporary romance and cemented its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The story introduces 16-year-old Hazel Grace Lancaster, who manages her terminal thyroid cancer with a new experimental drug. Her life takes an unexpected turn when she meets the charming and witty Augustus "Gus" Waters at a cancer support group.
Together, Hazel and Gus embark on an unforgettable journey that transcends their illnesses, exploring the meaning of love, legacy, and life in the face of mortality. The novel is celebrated for its sharp wit, intellectual depth, and heart-wrenching honesty, refusing to romanticize illness while still delivering a powerful and deeply moving love story. It confronts existential questions with humor and grace, making it a poignant read for any generation.
Why It Resonates
The Fault in Our Stars achieved massive cultural impact, driven by John Green's existing online presence through the Vlogbrothers YouTube channel and a wildly successful film adaptation. The book provides a raw, empathetic look into the lives of teenagers with terminal illnesses, humanizing their experiences beyond their diagnoses. It has been incorporated into health and literature curricula and is often used in grief counseling sessions to help teens navigate complex emotions surrounding loss and mortality. Its enduring popularity stems from its ability to make readers laugh, think, and weep, often all at once.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To connect more deeply with the novel's themes, consider the following approaches:
- Prepare Emotionally: Acknowledge the heavy themes of illness and loss before reading. Allow yourself to engage with the tragic elements as part of the story's powerful message.
- Discuss the Big Questions: Use the book as a springboard to discuss philosophical questions about living a meaningful life, the nature of love, and what it means to leave a legacy.
- Explore Literary References: Investigate the works and authors referenced in the novel, such as the poetry of T.S. Eliot, to gain a richer understanding of Hazel and Gus's intellectual world.
4. Harry Potter Series by J.K. Rowling
Few literary works have captured the global imagination like J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, cementing its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The seven-book saga follows the life of a young wizard, Harry Potter, who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday. He attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he navigates friendships, rivalries, and the growing threat of the dark wizard Lord Voldemort.
As Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione grow up, the series masterfully evolves from a whimsical children's story into a complex narrative about courage, prejudice, loss, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. The richly detailed magical world provides a powerful backdrop for these universal coming-of-age themes, making the story both escapist and deeply relatable. Its narrative depth grows with its readers, offering new layers of meaning with each reread.
Why It Resonates
The Harry Potter series single-handedly revitalized children's and young adult reading for an entire generation. Libraries and bookstores reported unprecedented enthusiasm, with children and adults alike lining up for midnight releases. Its cultural impact is vast, inspiring academic courses analyzing its literary significance and even finding use in therapeutic settings to help children process trauma. The series’ enduring appeal is a testament to its timeless themes of love and sacrifice, solidifying its spot among other essential reads in the YA genre, as explored in lists of the 25 best young adult books.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To fully experience the magic of the series, consider these approaches:
- Start at the Beginning: Regardless of age, begin with Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone to fully appreciate the character development and world-building that unfolds over the seven books.
- Discuss Moral Complexities: Talk about the difficult choices characters face. Discuss the motivations behind characters like Snape or Dumbledore to explore themes of redemption and flawed heroism.
- Explore Social Themes: Use the magical world's prejudices against "Mudbloods" and house-elves as an entry point for conversations about real-world social justice issues and discrimination.
- Use as a Gateway: Let Harry Potter be a springboard into the wider fantasy genre, discovering other authors and magical worlds.
5. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
Harper Lee’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is a towering figure in American literature and an essential entry among the best books for young adults of all time. The story is set in the racially charged atmosphere of 1930s Alabama and is narrated by six-year-old Scout Finch. Through her innocent yet perceptive eyes, readers witness her father, the principled lawyer Atticus Finch, defend Tom Robinson, a Black man falsely accused of raping a white woman.
As the trial exposes the town's deep-seated prejudice, Scout, her brother Jem, and their friend Dill grapple with the stark realities of injustice, prejudice, and social class. The novel masterfully explores profound themes of racial inequality, the loss of innocence, and the nature of courage. Its enduring power comes from its ability to filter complex moral questions through a child’s candid perspective, making them accessible and deeply moving.
Why It Resonates
As a cornerstone of American high school English curricula, To Kill a Mockingbird has shaped generations of readers’ understanding of justice and empathy. Its cultural significance is cemented by Gregory Peck’s Oscar-winning portrayal of Atticus Finch in the classic film adaptation, which created an enduring symbol of moral integrity. The book remains a vital touchstone in discussions about civil rights and legal ethics, frequently referenced in educational exhibits and even used in law school courses to dissect principles of justice.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To enrich the reading experience and understand its modern context, consider these approaches:
- Analyze Historical Context: Research the Jim Crow South and the Scottsboro Boys trial of 1931, which heavily influenced the novel’s plot, to grasp the historical realities of the time.
- Discuss Critical Perspectives: Explore modern critiques of the novel, particularly its portrayal of Black characters and the "white savior" narrative. This fosters a more nuanced understanding of its legacy.
- Compare and Contrast: Read the book alongside contemporary YA works that address racial justice from Black perspectives, such as All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, to broaden the conversation.
6. The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky
Stephen Chbosky's epistolary novel, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, is an intimate and profoundly moving coming-of-age story that has cemented its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The narrative unfolds through a series of anonymous letters written by Charlie, a shy and observant high school freshman. He chronicles his journey through the tumultuous landscape of adolescence, navigating first love, the bonds of friendship, family trauma, and significant mental health challenges.
Set in the early 1990s, the novel captures the raw, unfiltered experience of being an outsider trying to find a place to belong. Charlie finds his tribe in two free-spirited seniors, Sam and Patrick, who welcome him into their world of inside jokes, mixtapes, and late-night drives. Through these connections, he begins to emerge from his shell, but his past trauma continues to cast a long shadow, leading to a powerful exploration of memory, healing, and identity.
Why It Resonates
The Perks of Being a Wallflower speaks directly to the feeling of being on the sidelines of your own life. Its honest and non-judgmental portrayal of depression, PTSD, and the aftermath of sexual abuse has made it an essential resource for both young people and adults. The book is frequently recommended by mental health advocates and counselors and is often used in therapy settings to help adolescents articulate their own experiences with trauma. Its enduring popularity, bolstered by the acclaimed film adaptation, lies in its timeless message: you are not alone in your struggles.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To fully connect with Charlie's journey and the novel's powerful themes, consider these approaches:
- Mindful Reading: Be prepared for heavy emotional content. This novel deals with mature themes like suicide and abuse, so it's important to approach it with self-awareness and take breaks if needed.
- Start a Conversation: Use the book as a catalyst for discussions about mental health with friends, family, or in a book club. Exploring these topics through literature can make them more approachable. This title is a cornerstone in the genre, as detailed in this list of the best coming-of-age novels.
- Explore Cultural Context: Delve into the 1990s music and literary references Charlie mentions, like The Smiths and The Catcher in the Rye, to better understand his world and influences.
7. The Giver by Lois Lowry
Lois Lowry’s The Giver is a foundational text in modern young adult dystopian literature, cementing its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The novel introduces us to a seemingly utopian community where pain, fear, and conflict have been eradicated through a system of "Sameness." Twelve-year-old Jonas is selected for the unique and honored role of Receiver of Memory, a position that requires him to hold all the memories of the past, both beautiful and brutal, on behalf of his society.
Under the guidance of the current Receiver, whom Jonas calls The Giver, he begins to experience true joy, love, color, and pain for the first time. This newfound knowledge forces Jonas to confront the terrifying truth about his community's perfection: it was achieved by sacrificing emotion, choice, and humanity itself. The novel’s power is its quiet, creeping horror, which poses profound questions about conformity, memory, and the true cost of a painless existence.
Why It Resonates
The Giver has been a staple in middle school classrooms for decades, serving as many young readers' first introduction to dystopian fiction and complex philosophical concepts. Its accessible yet profound exploration of ethics, utilitarianism, and individual freedom has made it a cornerstone of educational curricula. The book’s enduring relevance is proven by its continued ability to spark critical conversations about societal control and what it truly means to be human, topics also explored in discussions about the role of literature in education.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To fully explore the novel's philosophical depth, consider these actionable steps:
- Philosophical Discussion: Use the book as a springboard to discuss ethical dilemmas. Debate whether a society without pain is worth the loss of individual choice and deep emotion.
- Comparative Analysis: Read The Giver alongside other classic and contemporary dystopian works like Brave New World or The Hunger Games to compare their visions of societal control.
- Explore Memory: Reflect on the role of personal and collective memory in shaping identity. Consider what would be lost if difficult memories were erased from your own life or from history.
8. Looking for Alaska by John Green
John Green’s debut novel, Looking for Alaska, is a seminal work in modern young adult fiction, solidifying its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The story follows Miles "Pudge" Halter, who leaves his mundane life behind to attend Culver Creek Preparatory School in search of what the poet François Rabelais called "the Great Perhaps." There, he is drawn into the orbit of the enigmatic, beautiful, and self-destructive Alaska Young.
The narrative is famously split into two parts, "Before" and "After," pivoting on a shocking tragedy that forces Miles and his friends to confront profound questions about life, death, and forgiveness. The novel captures the intensity of adolescent friendships, first love, and the bewildering pain of loss with raw, unfiltered honesty. Its power lies in its philosophical depth, exploring the labyrinth of human suffering and the search for meaning in the face of the unknowable.
Why It Resonates
Looking for Alaska deeply resonates with readers for its unflinching portrayal of grief and mental health. Popularized by author John Green's massive online presence through the Vlogbrothers and Crash Course YouTube channels, the book has become a cornerstone of YA literature. It is often used in grief counseling for teenagers who have lost friends and is integrated into school discussions about mental health, guilt, and mortality. Its enduring appeal comes from giving voice to the complex, often messy emotions of growing up.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To fully appreciate the novel’s philosophical and emotional layers, consider these approaches:
- Explore Philosophical Questions: Take time to reflect on the central questions raised, such as "How will we ever get out of this labyrinth of suffering?" Discuss these ideas with friends or in a book club.
- Discuss Mature Themes: The book contains mature content, including risky behavior and emotional trauma. Use these elements as a starting point for conversations about consequences and healthy decision-making.
- Consider Mental Health: Analyze how the characters' actions are influenced by their internal struggles. This can provide a valuable lens for understanding the importance of mental health awareness and support.
9. Wonder by R.J. Palacio
R.J. Palacio’s Wonder has become a modern classic and an essential entry among the best books for young adults of all time. The novel introduces us to ten-year-old August "Auggie" Pullman, a boy born with a severe craniofacial condition. After years of homeschooling, Auggie enters the fifth grade at a mainstream school, navigating the complex social world of pre-teens for the first time. The story unfolds from multiple perspectives, including Auggie’s, his sister's, and his new friends', creating a rich tapestry of empathy and understanding.
At its core, Wonder is a powerful exploration of kindness, acceptance, and the courage it takes to be yourself. Auggie's journey is fraught with challenges, from bullying to intense feelings of isolation, yet it is also filled with moments of profound friendship and compassion. The novel masterfully avoids sentimentality, instead offering an honest and moving portrayal of human connection that looks beyond surface appearances to celebrate the beauty within.
Why It Resonates
The book’s central theme, "Choose Kind," has grown into a global movement, championed by educators, parents, and anti-bullying advocates. Wonder is widely used in school curricula and community reading programs to facilitate vital conversations about empathy, bullying, and inclusion. Its narrative power has been recognized by teachers and school counselors nationwide, who use it to build character education and promote a more compassionate school culture. The story's universal message of acceptance ensures its enduring impact.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To deepen your connection with the novel’s message, consider these actionable steps:
- Start a Kindness Project: Inspired by the book's precepts, initiate a personal or group project focused on performing and tracking acts of kindness in your community.
- Discuss Different Perspectives: Use the shifting viewpoints in the book as a prompt to discuss how the same event can be experienced differently by various people.
- Explore Further Reading: Supplement Wonder with books from the same universe, like Auggie & Me, or seek out authentic disability narratives to broaden your understanding of diverse experiences.
10. Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson
Laurie Halse Anderson's groundbreaking novel, Speak, is a raw and unflinching look into the aftermath of trauma, cementing its status as one of the best books for young adults of all time. The story follows high school freshman Melinda Sordino, who is ostracized after she calls the police at an end-of-summer party. Unable to explain what happened, she stops speaking almost entirely, communicating through her art and internal monologue. The novel powerfully chronicles her silent struggle with the trauma of sexual assault and her gradual journey toward healing and reclaiming her voice.
Told through Melinda’s fragmented, sarcastic, and deeply moving perspective, Speak confronts the silence that often surrounds sexual violence. It explores themes of consent, depression, and the immense difficulty of speaking a painful truth. The book’s unflinching portrayal of Melinda's experience provides a validating and essential narrative for survivors and an eye-opening education for all readers on the importance of listening and support.
Why It Resonates
Published in 1999, Speak was ahead of its time and has become a cornerstone of young adult literature for its courageous handling of a difficult subject. It has been instrumental in sparking conversations about consent and sexual assault awareness, championed by educators, counselors, and advocacy organizations. The novel is frequently integrated into high school health curricula and used in support groups for survivors of sexual violence, demonstrating its profound real-world impact and enduring relevance.
Practical Ways to Engage with the Book
To understand the full impact of this novel, consider these steps:
- Mindful Reading: Be aware that the book deals with sensitive topics. It's important to approach it with care and take breaks if needed. A content warning for sexual assault is advisable.
- Discuss and Learn: Engage in conversations about the book's themes. Use it as a starting point to learn about consent, survivor support, and available resources for those affected by assault.
- Explore Artistic Expression: Melinda uses art as an outlet for her trauma. Consider how different forms of creative expression can be used for healing and communication.
Top 10 Young Adult Books Comparison
Title | Implementation Complexity 🔄 | Resource Requirements 💡 | Expected Outcomes 📊 | Ideal Use Cases 💡 | Key Advantages ⭐ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas | Moderate - contemporary narrative with social themes | Moderate - requires contextual background about social justice | High - raises awareness on systemic racism and activism | Schools, book clubs, social justice discussions | Accessible treatment of urgent social issues; authentic voices |
The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins | Moderate - dystopian world-building and action-driven plot | Moderate - extensive reading for trilogy | High - engagement with themes of oppression and survival | Middle/high school, political discussion groups | Fast-paced, appeals to reluctant readers; rich allegory |
The Fault in Our Stars by John Green | Moderate - emotional contemporary romance with philosophical elements | Moderate - sensitive emotional preparation recommended | High - fosters empathy and discussion on mortality | Grief counseling, health education, book clubs | Sensitive treatment of terminal illness; intellectual depth |
Harry Potter Series by J.K. Rowling | High - extensive fantasy world-building over multiple books | High - long series requiring sustained reading | Very High - cultural impact, moral lessons, encourages reading progression | Literacy programs, literary studies, youth engagement | Complex storytelling; appeals to all ages; rich thematic layers |
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee | Moderate - classic literary style with historical context | Low to Moderate - requires background on racial history | High - promotes understanding of racial injustice and morality | Schools, law courses, civil rights education | Timeless themes; accessible language; moral courage focus |
The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky | Moderate - epistolary style with sensitive themes | Moderate - careful emotional support advised | High - raises awareness of mental health and trauma | Therapy, mental health programs, adolescent education | Honest mental health portrayal; diverse character representation |
The Giver by Lois Lowry | Low to Moderate - straightforward dystopian narrative | Low - short length aids accessibility | Moderate - introduces critical thinking on freedom and conformity | Middle school, philosophy introduction, dystopian literature | Accessible dystopian introduction; sparks ethical reflection |
Looking for Alaska by John Green | Moderate - coming-of-age with mature themes | Moderate - emotional maturity needed | High - encourages philosophical thinking and mental health awareness | Grief counseling, school discussions, philosophy classes | Honest teen behavior depiction; tackles tough emotional topics |
Wonder by R.J. Palacio | Low to Moderate - multiple perspectives with middle-grade language | Low - accessible for younger readers | High - fosters empathy and addresses bullying | Anti-bullying programs, inclusion initiatives, elementary schools | Promotes kindness; accessible language; disability representation |
Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson | Moderate - stream-of-consciousness style portraying trauma | Moderate - content warnings and sensitive handling necessary | High - empowers sexual assault survivors and educates on trauma | Sexual assault awareness, high school health classes, therapy | Realistic trauma portrayal; advocacy for survivors; healing through art |
Beyond the Last Page: Continuing Your Reading Adventure
Our journey through this collection of the best books for young adults of all time has brought us face-to-face with injustice in The Hate U Give, rebellion in The Hunger Games, and profound love in The Fault in Our Stars. Each novel on this list, from the magical corridors of Hogwarts to the quiet, powerful halls of justice in To Kill a Mockingbird, serves as more than just a story. They are mirrors reflecting our own world and windows into experiences far from our own.
These books are enduring classics because they capture the raw, complicated, and beautiful essence of growing up. They don't shy away from difficult topics; instead, they tackle them with honesty and grace. The characters within these pages, whether it’s Charlie navigating high school in The Perks of Being a Wallflower or Melinda finding her voice in Speak, become companions who teach us invaluable lessons about empathy, resilience, and the courage it takes to be true to oneself. They are foundational texts that have shaped generations of readers and writers.
Your Next Chapter Awaits
Closing the final page of a truly great book can feel like saying goodbye to a friend. But the end of one story is always the beginning of another. The world of young adult literature is a vast, dynamic universe, constantly expanding with new voices, fresh perspectives, and future classics. The themes you’ve explored here are just the starting point.
Here are some actionable ways to continue your reading adventure and discover your next favorite book:
- Follow the Thematic Threads: Did the fight for justice in The Hate U Give resonate with you? Seek out other contemporary YA novels that tackle social issues. Was it the speculative world of The Giver that captured your imagination? Dive deeper into the rich genre of YA dystopian and utopian fiction.
- Explore Similar Authors: If you loved John Green's poignant exploration of life and loss, you might enjoy authors like Rainbow Rowell or Nicola Yoon. Use the authors on this list as a launchpad to find other writers who explore similar emotional landscapes.
- Build a Reading Community: Discuss these books with friends, family, or in a book club. Sharing your thoughts and hearing different perspectives can deepen your appreciation and help you discover what to read next. Platforms like Goodreads or local library groups are excellent resources for connecting with fellow readers.
The Lasting Power of a Great Story
The true value of reading the best books for young adults of all time lies not just in the hours spent lost in their worlds, but in the lasting impact they have on our own. These stories equip us with the language to understand complex emotions, the empathy to connect with others, and the courage to question the world around us. They validate our feelings, challenge our assumptions, and ultimately, remind us that we are not alone in our experiences.
By engaging with these timeless narratives, you are participating in a global conversation that spans decades. You are connecting with the fears, hopes, and triumphs that link us all. Keep turning the pages, keep asking questions, and keep seeking out stories that ignite your curiosity. Your literary journey has only just begun, and countless more worlds are waiting to be discovered.
Are you searching for the next generation of must-read stories? At Number 6 Publishing, we are dedicated to discovering and amplifying the voices of underdog authors who write with heart and purpose, creating the classics of tomorrow. Explore our curated catalog to find your next unforgettable read. Number 6 Publishing